Jumat, 20 Agustus 2010

Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Al-Baitar


Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi (also Ibn al-Baytar) (Arabic: ابن البيطار‎) (circa, 1188–1248) was an Arab scientist, botanist, pharmacist and physician. He is considered one of the greatest scientists of Al-Andalus and was a notable botanist and pharmacist of the Islamic Golden Age and Arab Agricultural Revolution.

Biography

Born in the Andalusian city of Málaga at the end of the 12th century, he learned botany from the Málagan botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain. Al-Nabati was responsible for developing an early scientific method, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. Such an approach was thus adopted by Ibn al-Baitar.

In 1219, Ibn al-Baitar left Málaga to travel in the Islamic world to collect plants. He travelled from the northern coast of Africa as far as Anatolia. The major stations he visited include Bugia, Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli, Barqa and Adalia.

After 1224, he entered the service of al-Kamil, an Ayyubid Sultan, and was appointed chief herbalist. In 1227 al-Kamil extended his domination to Damascus, and Ibn al-Baitar accompanied him there which provided him an opportunity to collect plants in Syria. His researches on plants extended over a vast area including Arabia and Palestine. He died in Damascus in 1248.

Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada

Ibn al-Baitar’s major contribution is Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada (Arabic: كتاب الجمع في الأدوية المفردة‎), which is considered one of the greatest botanical compilations in history, and was a botanical authority for centuries. It was also a pharmacopoeia (pharmaceutical encyclopedia) and contains details on at least listing 1,400 plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of which were his own original discoveries. His work was translated into Latin in 1758 and was being used in Europe up until the early 19th century. The book also contains references to 150 other previous Arabic authors as well as 20 previous Greek authors.

Ibn al-Baitar, as a chemist also provides detailed Chemical information on the Rosewater and Orangewater production. He mentions: The scented Shurub (Syrup) was often extracted from flowers and rare leaves, by means of using hot oils and fat, they were later cooled in cinnamon oil. The oils used were also extracted from sesame and olives. Ethereal oil was produced bu joining various resorts, the steam from these resorts condensed and combined and its scented droplets were used as perfume and mixed to produce the most costly medicines.

Kitab al-Mlughni fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada

Ibn Al-Baitar’s second major work is Kitab al-Mlughni fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada which is an encyclopedia of Islamic medicine, which incorporates his knowledge of plants extensively for the treatment of various ailments, including diseases related to the head, ear, eye, etc.

Cancer therapy

In cancer therapy, Ibn al-Baitar discovered the earliest known herbal treatment for cancer: "Hindiba", a herbal drug which he identified as having "anticancer" properties and which could also treat other tumors and neoplastic disorders.[citation needed] After recognizing its usefulness in treating neoplastic disorders, Hindiba was patented in 1997 by Nil Sari, Hanzade Dogan, and John K. Snyder.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Baitar

Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar, Abumeron)

Ibn Zuhr - Avenzoar

Aussprache: ibn zuhr
arabisch:
ابن زهر
persisch:
ابن زهر
englisch: Ibn Zuhr, Abulelizor

1091 - 1161 n.Chr.

Ibn Zuhr war ein bekannter muslimischer Physiker, Arzt, Gelehrter und Lehrer in Cordoba des 11. Jh. n.Chr.. Er ist auch bekannt als Abulelizor, Avenzoar, Abumeron und Abuleizor.

Sein eigentlicher Name ist Abu Marwan Abdulmalik ibn Zuhr. Er wurde in Sevilla geboren und studierte an der Universität zu Cordoba. Er gehörte der Banu Zuhr Familie an, die in fünf Generationen als Ärzte, die im Hof der Almohaden dienten, darunter auch zwei Ärztinnen. Ibn Zuhr war einer der Lehrer von Averroes.

Ibn Zuhr gitl als der Vater der experimentellen Chirurgie, der erstmalig das systematische Sezieren und Autopsie einführte. Er gilt als der Erste, der den Luftröhrenschnitt zu Heilungszwecken angewandt hat und die erste künstliche Ernährung mit einer silbernen Nadel. Er fand die Ursache für Krätze und zahlreiche Entzündungen und entwickelte die Theorie über vier Körperflüssigkeiten.

Als sein bekanntestes Werk gilt "Al-Taisir", worin er die Methode der experimentellen Chirurgie erläutert. Er gilt auch als erster Arzt, der Tierversuche praktizierte, bevor er bei Erfolg die Methode beim Menschen anwandte. Er beschrieb sehr detailliert den Urintrakt des Menschen und daran gekoppelte Entzündungen sowie Vorsorgemaßnahmen wie u.a. Diät. Ihm wird auch zugeschrieben, die Chirurgie als unabhängige Disziplin der Medizin etabliert zu haben.

Bei all seinen Arbeiten war er auch sehr kritisch gegenüber seinen eigenen Erkenntnissen wie auch gegenüber Avicennas [ibn sina] Kanon der Medizin.

Ibn Zuhr schrieb auch ein umfassendes Werk über Pharmakologie. Auch im Bereich der Lehre von den Krankheitsursachen (Ätiologie), der Neurologie und Anästhesie werden ihm bahnbrechende Neuerungen zugeschrieben.

http://www.eslam.de/begriffe/i/ibn_zuhr.htm

Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Khazin

Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Al-Khazini (900-971), was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan. He worked on both astronomy and number theory.

Khazini was one of the scientists brought to the court in Ray, Iran by the ruler of the Buyid dynasty, Adhad ad-Dowleh, who ruled from 949 to 983 AD. In 959/960 Khazini was required by the Vizier of Ray, who was appointed by ad-Dowleh, to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic.

One of al-Khazin's works Zij al-Safa'ih ("Tables of the disks of the astrolabe") was described by his successors as the best work in the field and they make many references to it. The work describes some astronomical instruments, in particular an astrolabe fitted with plates inscribed with tables and a commentary on the use of these. A copy of this instrument was made but vanished in Germany at the time of World War II. A photograph of this copy was taken and examined in D.A. King's New light on the Zij al-Safa'ih of Abu Ja'far al-Khazin, Centaurus 23 (2) (1979/80), 105-117.

Khazeni also wrote a commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest in which he gives nineteen propositions relating to statements by Ptolemy. He also proposed a different solar model from that of Ptolemy.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn Yahya Al-Zarqali (Arzachel)

Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn Yahya al-Zarqali (1028 - 1087 C.E.), known in the West as Arzachel, was a Spanish Arab. He was the foremost astronomer of his time. AI-Zarqali carried out a series of astronomical observations at Toledo (Arabic Al Tulaytalah) and compiled them in what is known as his famous Toledan Tables.

He corrected the geographical data from Ptolemy and Al-Khwarizmi. Specifically, AI-Zarqali corrected Ptolemy's estimate of the length of the Mediterranean sea from 62 degrees to approximately correct value of 42 degrees. The Toledo Tables were translated into Latin in the Twelfth century. AI-Zarqali was the first to prove conclusively the motion of the Aphelion relative to the stars. He measured its rate of motion as 12.04 seconds per year, which is remarkably close to the modern calculation of 11.8 seconds. AI-Zarqali invented a flat astrolabe which is known as Safihah. Its details were published in Latin, Hebrew and several European languages.

Copernicus in his famous book 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Clestium' expresses his indebtedness to al-Battani (albategnius) and Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) and quotes their work several times. Beer and Madler in their famous work Der Mond (1837) mention a surface feature of the moon after AI-Zarqali (Arzachel). It is a plain in the eighth section more than sixty miles in diameter and is surrounded by rows of mountains rising like terraces to heights of 13,000 feet above the interior region. It also includes several hills and craters and a prominent cleft by the side of the base of the western mountainous wall.

http://www.thereligionislam.com/islamicreformism/muslimscientistsandscholars/abuishaqibrahimibnyahyaalzarqali.htm.

Abu Hurairah

Abu Hurairah (Arabic: أبو هريرة‎), (also known as `Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Al-Azdi (Arabic: عبدالرحمن بن صخر الأزدي‎), Abu Hurayrah, or Abu Horaira) (603 – 681) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the narrator of Hadith most quoted in the isnad by Muslims.[citation needed]

Early life

Abu Hurairah was born in Baha, Yemen into the Banu Daws tribe from the region of Tihamah on the coast of the Red Sea. His father had died, leaving him with only his mother and no other relatives. His name at birth was Abd al-Shams (servant of the sun). However, as a child, he had a cat and became known as "Abu Hurairah" (which literally means "Father of the Kitten" or more idiomatically "Of the kitten").

As a young man, he worked for Bushra bint Ghazwan.

In speeches and lectures, in Friday khutbahs and seminars, in the books of hadith and sirah, fiqh and ibadah, the name Abu Hurairah is mentioned in this fashion:

"On the authority of Abu Hurairah, may God be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said …".

Through this phrase millions of Muslims, from the early history of Islam to the present, have come to be familiar with the name Abu Hurairah.

Conversion

Abu Hurairah embraced Islam through Tufayl ibn Amr the chieftain of his tribe.

Tufayl had returned to his village after meeting Muhammad and become a Muslim in the early years of his mission. Abu Hurairah was one of the first to respond to his call, unlike the majority of Tufayl's tribesmen.

Abu Hurairah accompanied Tufayl to Mecca to meet Muhammad who, according to Sunni tradition, renamed him Abd al-Rahman (servant of the Merciful, one of the 99 Names of God). Abu Hurairah then returned to his tribe for several years.

Medina and Mecca

In 629 he went to Medina with some others from his tribe. Since Muhammad was absent due to the Battle of Khaybar, he stayed in the masjid.

He had a wife named Bushra;the proof of this is in Fadi'l Aa'mal. His mother, who was still a polytheist, was with him. He prayed for her to become a Muslim, but she refused. Sunni sources report:

One day, he again invited his mother to believe in the One God and His Prophet of Allah. She answered with some bad words about the Prophet of Allah. Abu Hurairah went to the Prophet of Allah with tears in his eyes. “Why are you crying, Abu Hurairah?” asked the Prophet of Allah. “I always invite my mother to Islam, and she always refuses,” said Abu Hurairah. “I asked her again today. But she said some things about you that made me sad. Can you pray to God for her to turn to Islam?” The Prophet of Allah prayed for Abu Hurairah’s mother to accept Islam. When Abu Hurairah went home, he found the door closed. He heard the splashing of water. He tried to enter the house, but his mother said, “Wait a minute. Don’t come in yet.” Then she got dressed and said, “You can come in now.” When Abu Hurairah went inside, his mother said, “I declare that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger.” Abu Hurairah again went to the Prophet crying. But this time his tears were tears of joy. “I have good news, Rasul Allah,” he said. “God has answered your prayer and guided my mother to Islam.”

Abu Hurairah, with other Muslim, suffered from hunger when the Muslims were poor in Madina.

When I was afflicted with severe hunger, I would go to a companion of the Prophet of Allah and asked him about an ayah of the Qur'an and (stay with him) learning it so that he would take me with him to his house and give food. One day, my hunger became so severe that I placed a stone on my stomach. I then sat down in the path of the companions. Abu Bakr passed by and I asked him about an ayah of the Book of God. I only asked him so that he would invite me but he didn't. Then Umar ibn al-Khattab passed by me and I asked him about an ayah but he also did not invite me. Then the Messenger of Allah , passed by and realized that I was hungry and said: "Abu Hurairah!" "At your command" I replied and followed him until we entered his house. He found a bowl of milk and asked his family: "From where did you get this?" "Someone sent it to you" they replied. He then said to me: "O Abu Hurairah, go to the Ahl as-Suffah and invite them." Abu Hurairah did as he was told and they all drank from the milk. Abu Hurairah then spent one year and ten months with Muhammad in Madinah, before the Prohet's of Allah death on 8 June 632 in Madinah.

Death and legacy

Abu Hurairah died in 681 at the age of 78.

Of the hadith held as authentic by the majority Sunnis, Abu Hurairah is the most quoted person in men. Next to him come the names of such companions as Abdullah ibn Umar, Anas ibn Malik, Jabir ibn Abdullah and Abu Said al-Khudri all of whom transmitted over a thousand sayings of Muhammad.

He is quoted saying:

“I grew up as an orphan. I emigrated as a poor person. I used to serve Gazevan’s daughter, Bushra. I served others when they stopped on the road. I drove the camels on the road. Then God made it possible for me to marry Bushra. Praise be to God who has strengthened His religion and made me an imam (leader).”

His daughter married Said ibn Al-Musayyib.

Sunni view

A majority of the Sunni scholars consider Abu Hurairah to be one of the major narrators of Hadith, and like all of the Sahabah, trustworthy.

Shi'a view

Shi'a tradition rejects the authenticity of Abu Hurairah's hadith, seldom accepting only when there are similar hadith narrated by Sahabah (companions) and family of Muhammad who are considered reliable by Shi'a. They consider him an enemy of Imam Ali, Imam Hassan and Imam Hussain due to having been in favor with Mu'awiya, and thus hold him in low regard. Shia's allege Mu'awiya to have killed Muhammad's cousin and grandson, who Muhammad loved and cared for. Shia's believe that Abu Hurairah defended and cherished Mu'awiya. Shia's also believe Mu'awiya killed the 4th Caliph, Aisha's Brother and most of the original Sahaabas of Muhammad.

Imam Ali was the leader of the Muslims at that time and Shia's believe that Mu'awaiya wanted to usurp this for his own power. They allege that he ripped up Qurans, put it on the end of his armies swords and killed 70,000 Muslims. Mu'awiya then installed his son Yazid who was half Pagan and half Christian (Mu'awaiya's Christian wife's son).

Yazid used to focus on Pagan and Christian methods. Yazid massacred the rest of Muhammad's family and killing many people who were being Islamic. Shia's believe that Abu Hurairah takes the side of the people who rip the Quran up and then put it on the end of Spears to kill Muhammad's family and 70,000 Muslims.

Historical texts indicate Abu Hurairah appeared in and around the Islamic camp around the end of the Battle of Khyber after the Muslim victory. Shia's claim he was able to include himself in the Muslim elite of that time, having done the same previously with the Jewish rulers who were defeated in Khyber.

The Shia allege that Abu Hurairah was convicted of lying, whipped and instructed to not make hadiths by Umar Khattab. It's documented in Sunni texts that when a person is convicted of lying all their hadiths become void. Shia's claim that many of Abu Hurairah's hadiths were based on events that took place when he was not even present or in the vicinity, for example, he would be hundreds of miles away from an event that he narrates like he is there. They also accuse him of adding his own ideas to hadiths that are often quoted as if directly from Muhammad.

One historian illustrates the undiscerning view of Sunnis in regard to Abu Hurairah's hadiths:

One hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah was once mentioned in the presence of Haroun al-Rasheed. It said, "Moses met Adam once whereupon he asked him, `Are you the one who had us dismissed from Paradise?'" A man from Quraysh who was present then asked, "When did Adam meet Moses?!" Al-Rasheed became very angry and said, "Saying too much and the sword go hand in hand; kill this atheist who doubts the hadith of the Messenger of Allah."

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hurairah